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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 38 1 Esq. of Woodhouselee.’ He was born in Edinburgh in 1747, where he attended the High School for five years, and afterwards studied at a seminary in Kensington, taught by Mr. Elphinstone, a man of reputed learning. Here he made rapid progress in the classics, and distinguished himself in the attainment of various accomplishments ; among which drawing and music-tastes he had early imbibed -were not forgotten. On his return to his native city, about 1765, Mr. Tytler entered on his professional studies at the University ; and in 1770 was called to the bar. The following year he went on a tour to France, in company with his cousin, the late James Ker, Esq., of Blackshiels. Through his father, Mr. Tytler had been early introduced to literary society in Edinburgh. The friendship of one so much his senior as Lord Kames, on whose suggestion he undertook a supplementary volume of the Dictionary of Decisions, was in the highest degree flattering. This work, which he executed with great ability, laid the foundation of his future reputation. It was afterwards enlarged, and published as the third and fourth volumes of the Dictionary. In 1780 he was appointed Joint-Professor of Universal History in the University of Edinburgh j and on the death of Mr. Pringle, in 1786, became sole Professor. His lectures, embracing a much wider range than had previously been deemed necessary for mere professional purposes, proved so generally popular, that he was induced to publish an abridgment of them, first in 1782, and subsequently, in a more extended form, under the title of ‘c Elements of General History.”’ The literary labours in which Mr. Tytler now engaged were of a multifarious nature. Although his name does not appear as one of the “ Mirror Club,” he was intimately acquainted with almost all the members, and contributed both to the Mirror and Lounger a number of lively and interesting articles. These, it is said, were mostly written at inns, where he happened to be detained occasionally on his journeys. Having become a member of the Royal Society on its institution, he was elected one of the Secretaries ; and throughout a series of years continued to interest himself deeply in its management. He was the author of several valuable papers read to the Society, and lent no inconsiderable aid in drawing up the yearly account of its Transactions. An ‘‘ Essay on the Principles of Translation,” published anonymously by Mr. Tytler, attracted an unusual degree of public notice, from a correspondence which ensued between Dr. Campbell, Principal of Marischal College, Aberdeen, Author of the “Inquiry, Historical and Critical, into the Evidence against Mary Queen of Scota,” and of an excellent “Treatise on Scots Mwic,” and several other works, illustrative of the Antiquities and Literature of Scotland. He was much celebrated for hia taste in music and painting. He resided :m New Street (then called Young Street), Canongate. It is rather a curious fact, that in this work the Jewish History in altogether omitted. The Lectures were afterwards published by his eldest son, and his immediate e u m o r in the chair (William Fraser Tytler, Esq. of Balnain, Vice-Lieutenant and Sheriff of Inverness-shire), under the title of “Universal History, from the Creation of the World to the beginning of the Eighteenth Centiiry.” 1834, 6 vols. 121no. The work formed part of the senm of Murray’a Family Library. ... SKETCHES. 38 1 Esq. of Woodhouselee.’ He was born in Edinburgh in 1747, where he attended the High ...

Book 9  p. 510
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NOTES TO VOL. I. Page 257, DEACONBR ODIEA ND THE EXCISEO FFICE. The Excise Office was then in Chessels’ Court, Canongate. In the reign of Charles 11. it stood a little below John Knox’s house, just within the Nether Bow Port, From thence it was removed to a fine old building in the Cowgate, on the site of the southeru arches of George IV. Bridge, originally the mansion of the Earl of Haddington, the favourite of James I. Froni this it was transferred to Chessels‘ Court in 1772, and then to the fine mansion of Sir Lawrence Dundas in St. Andrew Square, now the Royal Bank.of Scotland. Brodie’s own house was in .the Lawnmarket, a little below the West Bow, styled after him Brodie’s Close. Page 281, Dr. ALEXAXDEMRO NRO. Among the earliest Scottish photograph portraits, taken with paper negatives, by the late D. 0. Hill, R.S.A., is a very characteristic photograph of Dr. Alexander Monro Tertius. Page 287, EARLO F BUCHANH’SO USE. The Earl of Buchan’s house was at the north-east corner of St. Andrew Sqnare, with its east windows on North St. Andrew Street. There the Society of Antiquaries was originated ; and there the eccentric nobleman figured in such scenes as that of Apollo and the Muses, described in the following note. Page 305, HADDOH’SO LE. The Little Kirk, or Haddo’s Hole, waa the north-west division of Old St. Giles’s Church. Until near the close of last century it was entered through a beautiful Norman porch, the last remains of the earliest structure ; and over this was a chamber to which Maitland gives the name of the Priest’s Prison. In this apartment Sir John Gordon of Haddo was imprisoned in 1644, previous to his trial, and beheading by the Maiden. Hence the name of Haddo’s Hole. Page 306, MUIR of Huntershill and his MONUMENT. The monument referred to as in prospect was at length successfully raised in spite of the proceedings which interdicted its erection for a time, and wasted the funds in law proceedings ; thereby reducing the scheme to the poor obelisk now in the Old Caltou Eurying-ground. Page 315, LORDP RESIDENBLTA IRA ND LORDM ELVILLE. The houses referred to in the note were, it is presumed, in Brown Square. Lord Melville occupied the most westerly house on the north side of the square. The next house was occupied for a time by Sir Ilay Campbell, the predecessor of Lord President Blair. The locality was conveniently near the Parliament House, with easy access by the Cowgate and Old Parliament Stairs. Hence the square was a favourite resort of the Judges. Lord Justice-clerk Miller was succeeded in the centre house on the same side by his son, Lord Glenlee, who continued to occupy it long after the general fashionable migration to the New Town. Page 41 7, APGOWAN’MS USEUM. Pennant, in his Second Tour, gives some account of the contents of Mr. John Macguan’a “ small but select private cabinet.” Some of the objects found in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh appear to have possessed considerable local interest; and especially a fine Roman bronze, representing a beautiful Naiad, with a wine-vat on her head, and a small satyr in one arm. ... TO VOL. I. Page 257, DEACONBR ODIEA ND THE EXCISEO FFICE. The Excise Office was then in Chessels’ Court, ...

Book 8  p. 603
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 65 country. The first was the establishment of a Society for the improvement of British wool. The breed of sheep never had been a subject of proper inquiry, and so deteriorated had the wool become, that manufacturers were under the necessity of importing great quantities of the finer descriptions. The Society was ultimately formed at Edinburgh in 1791. In order to excite public attention on the subject, a grand sheep-shearing festival was held, under the patronage of the Society, at Newhalls Inn, near Queensferry. At this novel fete the utmost enthusiasm prevailed. The company wore pastoral decorations ; sheep of dxerent breeds were exhibited-the process of shearing was performed by rival clippers-and at the close a collation followed, at which a toast, “ The Royal Shepherd of Great Britain, and success to his flock,” was given by the chairman, and received with great enthusiasm, followed by a salute of twentyone guns from the Hind frigate at anchor in the Firth. By the exertions of the Society, great improvements were effected in the pastoral districts ; and many lands were nearly doubled in value by the new mode of sheep-farming. Sir John’s great national work, “ The Statistical Account of Scotland,” was undertaken about this period, and completed seven years afterwards, in twentyone volumes octavo. The expense, labour, and difficulties in the way of such an immense undertaking, had been considered insurmountable by all who had previously contemplated it, and nothing short of Parliamentary authority was deemed equal to the task? The indomitable perseverance of Sir John ultimately prevailed, and his magnificent work stands unparalleled in any age or nation. M7hile it gave an impetus to the study of statistics generally, the only true foundation of all political economy, the “ Statistical Account” has tended both directly and indirectly to promote the national character as well as prosperity of Scotland, Soon after the commencement of hostilities in 1’193, such a stagnation prevailed in commerce, in consequence of a deficiency in the circulating medium, that universal bankruptcy seemed almost inevitable. In this emergency Sir John came forward with a plan, which, althougli emanating from one who had stood opposed to them on some questions, met with the ready approval of Pitt and Dundas. This was the issue of Exchequer Bills to a certain amount, by way of loans in small sums to the merchants and manufacturers. The plan speedily passed, and proved the means of preventing general ruin. Several papers were afterwards drawn up by the Baronet, recommending measures for the better regulation of the circulating medium. Sir John had early contemplated the formation of a Board of Agriculture, to promote, improvements, and act as a centre for the general diffusion of ab& cultural knowledge ; but it was not till 1793, after experiencing great opposition, that he succeeded in its establishment. With the small funds placed at his In 1781, a8 noticed in a former article, the late Mr. Smellie, author of the Philosophy of Natural Eistory, drew up a plan for procuring a statistical account of the parishes of Scotland, which waa printed and circulated by order of the Society of Antiquaries. The result of this attempt was a report of the parish of Uphall, by the Earl of Buchan, in which he then resided, and three others, which are printed in the Transactions of the Society. VOL 11. K ... SKETCHES. 65 country. The first was the establishment of a Society for the improvement of British ...

Book 9  p. 87
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164 MEMORIALS OF EDINBURGH. the most eminent venerators of antiquity, during the latter part of the eighteenth century. Two small volumes of the Paton Correspondence-now rare and valuable-have been published, which serve to show the very high estimation in which he was held as a literary antiquary, and the numerous contributions furnished by him towards the most eminent works of that class, only a small portion of which has been acknowledged by the recipients. George Paton was a man of extreme modesty and diffidence,-a bachelor of retiring and taciturn inclinations ;-yet he was neither illiberal eor unsocial in his habits ; his time, his , knowledge, and his library, were all at the service of his friends, and though not only temperate but abstemious in his tastes, his evenings were generally spent with Herd, and other kindred spirits, in Johnie Dowie’s Tavern, in Libberton’s Wynd, the well-known rendezvous of the Scottish literati during that period. He was methodical in all his habits ; the moment eleven sounded from St Giles’s steeple, his spare figure might be seen emerging from the wynd head, and the sound of his cane on the pavement of Lady Stair’s Close, gave the signal to his housekeeper for his admittance. This interesting old Edinburgh character bears in many respects a resemblance to the more celebrated ‘‘ Elia ” of the East India House. He obtained a clerkship in the Custom House, the whole emoluments of which, after an augmentation for many years’ service, never exceeded $80 ; and yet with this narrow income he contrived to amass a collection of books and manuscripts to an extent rarely equalled by a single individual; On his death in the year 1807, at the advanced age of eighty-seven, his valuable library was sold by auction, occupying considerably more than a month in its disposal ; and its treasures were strenuously contended for by the chief bibliopolists assembled from distant parts of the kingdom.’ The old mansion in Lady Stair’s Close bears over its entrance this pious inscription, “ FEARE THE LORD, AND DEPART FRON EVILL,” with the date 1622, and the arms and initials of its original proprietors, Sir William Gray of Pittendrum,-the ancestor of the present Lord Gray,-and Geida or Egidia his wife, sister of Sir John Smith of Grothill, Provost of Edinburgh. Sir William was a man of great influence and note ; although, by virtue of a new patent, granted by Charles I., the ancient title of Lord Gray reverted to his family, he devoted himself to commerce, and became one of the most extensive Scottish merchants of his day, improving and enlarging the foreign trade of his country, and acquiring great wealth to himself. On the breaking out of civil commotions, he adhered to the royal party, and shared in its misfortunes j he was fined by the Parliament 100,000 merks, for corresponding with Montrose, and imprisoned first in the Castle The correspondence between Paton and (Xough-full of matter deeply interesting to the antiquary and topographer -war4 wme yeara since prepared for publication by Mr Turnbull, Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries, but owing to the paucity of subscribera, $,he MS. waa thrown aside, to the great losa of literary students. ... MEMORIALS OF EDINBURGH. the most eminent venerators of antiquity, during the latter part of the eighteenth ...

Book 10  p. 178
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136 OLD AND NEW EDINBURGH. [West Church, and by an assessment on the real property within the parish; the expense for each inmate in those days was only A4 IS. 6d. On the demolition of the old church, its pulpit, which was of oak, of a very ancient form, and covered with carving, was placed in the hall of the workhouse. The number of the inmates in the first year was eighty-four. The edifice, large and unsightly, was removed, with the Diorama and several other houses, to make space for the Caledonian railway, and the poor of St. Cuthbert?s were conveyed to a more airy and commodious mansion, on the site of the old farmhouse of Werter. When the Act of Parliament in 1767 was obenclosed by a wall, on which a line of tombs is now erected. In the eighteenth century the building of note nearest to the church of St. Cuthbert, on the opposite side of the way, now named Iathian Road, was a tall, narrow, three-storeyed country villa, called, from its situation at the head of the slope, Kirkbraehead House. There the way parted from the straight line of the modern road at the kirk-gate, forming a delta {the upper base of which was the line of Princes Street), in which were several cottages and gardens, long since swept away. A row of cottages lay along the whole line of what is now Queensferry Street, under the name of Kirkbraehead. OLD WEST KIRK, AND WALLS OF THE LITTLE KIRK, 1772. (FmVJ alr Engraving of a Drawing fro?# a Moder.) tained for extending the royalty of the city ol Edinburgh, clauses were inserted in it disjoining a great portion of the ground on which the future new city was to be built, and annexing it to the parish of St. Giles, under the condition that the heritors of the lands should continue liable, as formerly, for tithes, ministers? stipends, and A300 annually of poor?s money. Thus the modern parishes of St Andrew, St. George, S t Mary, and St. Stephen-all formed since that period-have been taken from the great area of the ancient parish of St Cuthbert No very material alteration was made in the burying-ground till April, I 787, when the north side of it, which was bordered by a marsh 2,000 feet in length (to the foot of the mound) by 350 broad-as shown in the maps of that year-was drained and partially filled with earth. Then the walls and gates were repaired. The ground at the east end was raised a few years after, and The villa referred to was, towards the close of the century, occupied by Lieutenant-General John Lord Elphinstone, who was Lieutenant-Governor of the Castle, with the moderate stipend of LISO 10s. yearly, and who died in 1794. At a subsequent period its occupant was a Mr. John Butler, who figures amocg ? Kay?s Portraits,? an eccentric character but skilful workman, who was king?s carpenter for Scotland; he built Gayfield House and the house of Sir Lawrence Dundas, now the Royal Bank in St. Andrew Square. He was proprietor of several tenements in Carmbber?s Close, then one of the most fashionable portions of the old town. The villa of Kirkbraehead had been built by his father ere the Lothian Road was formed, and concerning the latter, the following account is given by Kay?s editor and others. This road, which leaves the western extremity of Princes Street at a right angle, and runs southward ... OLD AND NEW EDINBURGH. [West Church, and by an assessment on the real property within the parish; the expense ...

Book 3  p. 136
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High Street.] ANDRO HART. 229 caunt-a very common kind of ghost story-we are told, was related by the minister (of course) who was in the house on this occasion, to John Duke of Lauderdale (who died in 1682), in pre- .sence of many other nobles. After this the house was again deserted ; yet another attempt was made to inhabit it - probably rent-free -by .a courageous and drink-loving old soldier and his wife; but towards midnight the candle began to burn blue, and the grisly old head was seen to hover in mid-air, on which the terrified couple fled, and Mary Kings Close was finally aban- .doned to desolation and .decay. No record of its ,inmates in the flesh has .ever been handed down, .and thus the name of the place is associated with its goblins alone. Professor Sinclair, who wrote the history of these, was author of several very learned works on astronomy, navigation, mathematics, and so forth; but he also favoured the world with .a strange ?Dis- .course concerning Coal ? -a compound of science .and superstition, containing an account of the witches of Glenluce, Sinclair being, like many .other learned men of his time, a firm believer in the black art. Passing Writers? Court .and the Royal Exchange, both of which have been Meter,? and other works that issued from his press. He flourished in the reign of James VI., and previous to 1600 he was in the habit of importing books from the Continent ; but about 1601 he printed, at his own expense, several works in Holland ; and subsequently commenced business as a printer in those premises in the High Street which, two centuries after his death in 1621, became the residence of the great bibliopole, Pro- STAMP OFFICE CLOSE already described, we come to the once famous alley, Craig?s Close, the lower end of which, like the rest of such thoroughfares in this quarter, has been removed to make way for Cockburn Street. The old tenement which faces the High Street at the head of this close occupies the site of the open booth or shop of Andro Hart, the famous .old Scottish printer ; and therein was, of course, exposed for sale his well-known Bible, which has always been admired for its beautiful typography; h i s Barbour?s ?Bruce,? his ? Psalms in Scottish vost Creech, and of that still greater one, Archibald Constable. A little way down the close on the east side was the printing - house of Andro Hart, apicturesque and substantial stone tenement, with finely moulded windows divided by mullions, and having the Sinclair arms on the bed-corbel of the crow-stepped gable. Over the old doorway was the legend and date, My h i p is in Chrisf, A. S. M K., 1593,? under a label moulding. In 1828 there was presented to the Antiquarian Museum by Mr. Hutchison, printer, . a very fine Scottish spear, which had been preserved from time immemorial in the old printing-house of Andro Hart, and is confidently believed to have been his-perhaps the same weapon with which he sallied forth to take part in the great tumult of 1596, when the king was besieged in the Tolbooth ; for Caldenvood and others- distinctly tell us that the old printer was one of the foremost in the disturbance, and roused so much the indignation of the king, James VI., that he was sent prisoner to the Castle in February, 1597, together with two other booksellers, James and Edward Cathkin. In 1759 a dromedary and camel were exhibited at the head of Craig?s Close, where they seem to have been deemed two wonder9 of the world, and, according to the Edinbwgh NMaZd and ChronicZc for that year, itwas doubted whether there were other ... Street.] ANDRO HART. 229 caunt-a very common kind of ghost story-we are told, was related by the minister ...

Book 2  p. 229
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260 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Mr. Kemble resolved on opening a new theatre. With this view, he took the Circus (now the Adelphi Theatre) and at great expense had it altered and fitted up in a neat and commodious manner. The house was accordingly opened on the day announced-the 18th of January 1793-with the comedy of “The Rivals ;” the part of Sir Anthony Ahsolule by Mr. Lee Lewes. “Every part of the New Theatre,” says a paragraph in the Courunt, “ was filled soon after the opening of the doors ; and in few instances do we recollect where the expectations of the public were more amply gratified. The house is fitted up in a style of neatness and simplicity, and possesses a sufficiency of decoration, without approaching to tawdriness, The scenery is by Mr. Naesmith, and it is sufficient to say his reputation (so deservedly high) will not be $minished by the work; the subjects are well chosen, and tastefully executed. The frontispiece is a spirited representation of Apollo in his car, preceded by Aurora. Sheridan’s admired comedy of ‘ The Rivals ’ was got up with considerable strength. Mr. Lee Lewes and Mr, Woods, in Old and Young Absolute, were excellent; and Mrs. Kemble, in Julia, displayed that plaintive and affecting simplicity which ever marks her performance.” Jackson’s trustees insisting on the monopoly granted by the patent-royal, the question was carried before the’court of Session, and defended by Kemble, on the ground that the patent not having passed the great seal of Scotland, it was therefore invalid. In the course of the process, an interdict having been obtained from the Lord Ordinary, Lee Lewes created much merriment amongst the audience the following night, when a pantomime was about to be performed, by appearing on the stage with a padlock attached to his mouth, in allusion to the attempt to prevent them from acting the regular drama. The contest betwixt the rival houses ultimately terminating in favour of the patentees, the New Theatre was closed, and Mr. Kemble consequently involved in very considerable pecuniary loss. An account of this process was given in a very unsatisfactory work published by Jackson in 1793, entitled “A History of the Scottish Stage,” in which, as might be expected, he was by no means sparing of his accusations against Kemble. From Memoirs 1 written by himself, we learn that CHARLELS EE LEWESw as a native of London, but of Cambrian extraction. His father, who was a classical scholar, was intimate with Dr. Young, author of ‘‘ Night Thoughts ; ” and so greatly in favour was the future Comedian with the worthy Doctor, that when only fivo years of age he was often taken to reside with him a few weeks at Mr. Kemble was not long permitted to enjoy his success unmolested. Memoirs of Charlea Lee Lewes, containing Anecdotes, Historical and Biographical, of the English and Scottish Stages, during a period of forty years. Written by himself. 4 vols. 12mo. London, 1805. A short time prior appeared a work, attributed to Lee Lewes, entitled “Comic Sketches, or the Comedian his own Manager. Written and Selected for the Benefit of Actors in England, Ireland, Scotland, and America With a Portrait.” London, 1805. 4s. These were the substance of his “Comic Sketches, or Nature’s Looking-Glass,” delivered in Edinburgh. The volume was accompanied by a spurious biographical account of Lee Lewes, contradicted and denied by his son, the editor of the Memoirs. ... BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Mr. Kemble resolved on opening a new theatre. With this view, he took the Circus (now ...

Book 9  p. 346
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. No. CCXIV, THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF EGLINTON, WHEN MAJOR OF LORD FREDERICK CAMPBELL’S REGIMENT OF FENCIBLES. 185 HUGHM ONTWMERIEtw, elfth Earl of Eglinton, was the eldest son of Alexander Montgomerie of Coilsfield.’ He was born about the year 1740, and entered the army so early as 1755, as an ensign in Lieutenant-General Skelton’s Regiment of Foot. He served in America during the greater part of the Seven Years’ War, where he acquired the reputatioh of a brave soldier, and was fourteen years Captain of a company of the First or Royal Regiment of Foot.’ At the breaking out of hostilities with France, in 1778, he was appointed Major in Lord Frederick Campbell’s Regiment of Fencibles? which was raised in the counties of Argyle, Bute, Dumbarton, Renfrew, Lanark, and Ayr, and of which Lord Frederick was Colonel. In 1780, at the general election, the Major was chosen Member of Parliament for the county of Ayr, in opposition to Sir Adam Fergusson of IGlkerran, 1 A branch of the house of Eglinton, descended from Alexander, the sixth Earl, better known by the expressive appellation of Graysteel. He was of the Seton family (one of the most ancient and widely connected in Scotland), but in consequence of his mother Mafgaret being the heiress of line of the Montgomeries, Earl Hugh (whom he succeeded) executed an entail in his favour ; and, having taken the name of Montgomerie, he was (through the influence of hi8 uncle, the Earl of Dunfermline, who was Lord Chancellor, and of Lord Binning, afterwards Earl of Melrose and Haddington), allowed the earldom by James the First. In the civil wars he supported the popular party, but was greatly opposed to the execution of Charles the First, He died 7th January 1661, aged seventy-three. The subject of this menioir was descended from Colonel James Montgomerie, fourth son of Earl Alexander. 9 His lordship told mauy interesting anecdotes of the American campaign-among others, the following of Sir Ralph Ahercromby. That celebrated commander was leading an assault, at which his lordship was present, upon an American fort, when, as they approached, the enemy suddenly opened a tremendous fire on the assailants, who, for a moment were confounded, and stood still. Sir Ralph marched on unmoved ; but not hearing the tramp of the column behind, he turned round as the smoke of the stunning volley was clearing away, aud pointing to the fort with his sword, exclaimed-“ What ! am I to take the place myself?” The response was a hearty cheer, and a furious rush updn the enemy, by which the fort was carried. At the same onset the gallant commander was followed by a tall captain and a short lieutenant, both of the name of M‘Donald. The former waa unfortunately shot in the breast ; and he reeled back upon the latter to measure himself with the earth, and finish his career of glory. The brave lieutenant, who had not observed the fatal cause of this retrograde movement, and fearing the courage of his clansman had given way, seized him by the coat, and in a half whisper cried in his em-“ Remember your name is M‘Donald.” This regiment was raised under the joint influence of the Argyle and Eglinton families, the latter having the nomination of officers for two companies-of one of which the last Earl of Glencairn (on whose death Burns wrote the “ Bard‘s Lament ”) was appointed Captain. ... SKETCHES. No. CCXIV, THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF EGLINTON, WHEN MAJOR OF LORD FREDERICK CAMPBELL’S ...

Book 9  p. 168
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114 MEMORIALS OF EDINBURGH. as well as for a more detailed consideration of some of those that have already been alluded to in this introductory sketch. The appearance which Edinburgh presented at this period, as well as the character and manners of its inhabitants, cannot be readily realised by those of the present generation. Its general features had undergone little change since the departure of the Court to England in 1603. The extended wall, erected in the memorable year 1513, still formed the boundary of the city, with the exception of the enclosure of the High Riggs, as already described, on the south. The ancient gates remained kept under the care of jealous warders, and nightly closed at an early hour; even as when the dreaded inroads of the Southon, with fire and sword, summoned the burgher watch to guard their walls. At the foot of the High Street, the lofty tower and spire of the Nether Bow Port terminated the vista, surmounting the old Temple Bar of Edinburgh, interposed between the city and the ancient burgh of Canongate. This handsome structure was rebuilt in its latest form in the year 1606, diiectly in a line with St Mary's and Leith Wynds, and about fifty yards further eastward than the second erection already mentioned. It was by far the mwt conspicuous and important of the six gates which gave access to the ancient capital, and was regarded as an object in the maintenance and protection of which the honour of the city was so deeply involved, that, as we have seen, its demolition was one of the penalties by which the government sought to revenge the slight put upon the royal prerogative by the Porteous mob. In style of architecture, it bore considerable resemblance to the ancient Porte St Honore of Paris, as represented in old engravings; and it is exceedingly probable that it was constructed in imitation of Borne of the old gates of that capital, between which and Edinburgh so constant an intercourse was maintained, at a somewhat earlier period than the date of its erection. When the destruction of this, the main port of the city, was averted by the strenuous patriotic exertions of the Scottish peers and members of Parliament, it was regarded as a national triumph ; but, unhappily, towards the middle of the last century, a perfect mania seized the civic rulers throughout the 'kingdom, for sweeping away all the old ruh'sh, as the ancient fabrics that adorned the principal towns were contemptuously styled. The Common Council of London set the example by obtaining an Act of Parliament, in 1760, to remove their city gates ; and, only four years afterwards, the Town Council of Edinburgh demolished the Nether Bow, one of the chief ornaments of the city, which, had it been preserved, would have been now regarded as a peculiarly interesting relic of the olden time. The ancient clock, which was removed from the tower, was afterwards placed in that of the old Orphan's Hospital, and continued there till the demolition of the latter building in 1845. It is worthy of remark, however, that the destruction of this stately structure was not the earliest symptom of improved taste in our civio dignitaries. Their first step towards '' enlarging and Jeautfying " the city, was the removal of the ancient Cross, an ornamental' structure, possessed of the most interesting local and national associations. The lower part of it was an octagonal building of a mixed style of architecture, rebuilt in the year 1617, in the form aIready represented.' In ita reconstruction, the chief ornaments of the Ante, p. 33. . 6 ... MEMORIALS OF EDINBURGH. as well as for a more detailed consideration of some of those that have already been ...

Book 10  p. 125
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APPENDIX. 43 3 assigned to an earlier reign than that of James VI., while the shape of the shields indicata a much more remote era We are indebted to Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Esq., for the above spirited etching of Wrychtishousis, a8 seen from the south-west. The principal front of the builcling was to the north-east, and the old tower, which had formed the nucleus of thia picturesque edifice, and was the most prominent feature in the front view, is seen here rising above its roof. VI. PORTEOUS MOB. A VERY curious allusion to the Porteous Mob occurs in the defence of the celebrated Horne Tooke, on his trial for libel, in 1777. The judge before whom he pled his own cause was the Earl of Mansfield, whose semicea were engaged on behalf of the interests of the Scottish capital, at the time when it was sought to subject both it and and its magistracy to ignominious pains and penalties, in order to gratify the indignant Queen Caroline, whose unwonted powers as Regent had been insulted by the deed of the rioters, which set her royal pardon at naught. Lord Mansfield must have known whatever could be communicated to one of the council for the defence of Edinburgh and its ancient rights, and knowing this, Horne Tooke addresses him :-“ I shall not trouble you to repeat the particulars of the affair of Captain Porteous at Edinburgh. These gentlemen are so little pleased with military execution upon themselves, that Porteous was charged by them with murder, he was prosecuted, convicted, and when he was reprieved after sentence, the people of the town executed that man themselves, so little did they approve of military execution. Now, gentlemen, there are at thia moment people of reputation, living in credit, rnaking fortunes under the Croion, who were concerned in that very fmt-who were concerned in the execution of Porteous. I do not speak it to censure them ; for, however irregular the act, my mind approves of it.”--“ Trial of John Horne, Esq., for a libel, before the Right Hon. William Earl of Mansfield, in the Court of King’s Bench, 4th July 1777.” The libel for which he was tried, was a vehement attack on the conduct of the Ministry on the breaking out of the American war. The verdict involved him both in a tedious imprisonment and a fine of s200. It can hardly, therefore, be supposed that the defendant would unadvisedly risk such a statement, so that it affords a singular corroboration of the traditions that represent the higher classes to have furnished the chief leaders in the Porteoua Mob. We have been told by an old citizen that Lord Mansfield was himself affirmed to have been among the rioters on the night of Porteoua’s execution ; but that is exceedingly improbable, m he had then been practising for five years at the English Bar. . VII. LADY ANN BOTHWELL’S LAMENT.” THE account of the heroine of thia beautiful ballad given in the text (page 227) iS hcorrect In “The Scottish Ballada,” p. 133, it is remarked :-‘‘ The editor, by the assistance of a valued antiquarian friend, is enabled now to lay a true and certain histoq of the heroine before the public. ‘ Lady Am Bothwell,‘ waa no other than the Honourable h aBo thwell, sister of Bothwell Bishop of Orkney, at the Reformation, but who was afterwards raised to a temporal peerage under the title of Lord Holyroodhouse.” As this account is necessarily wrong, since it was not the Bishop, but his eldest son John, who was created Lord Holpodhouse, Lady Ann has been described in the text as the daughter of the latter. The following, however, is the h e narrative, 3 1 ... 43 3 assigned to an earlier reign than that of James VI., while the shape of the shields indicata a much ...

Book 10  p. 472
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204 OLD AND NEW EDINBURGH. [Moray Place. ~~ reputation, but he was too much a votary of the regular old rhetorical style of poetry to be capable of appreciating the Lake school, or any others among his own contemporaries; and thus he was apt to make mistakes, draw wrong deductions as to a writer?s future, and indulge in free-and-easy condemcation. He \vas passionately attached to his native city, Edinburgh, and was always miserable when away from it. It was all the same through life - he never could reconcile himself to new places,new people, or strange habits ; and thcs it was that his letters, in age, from Oxford, from London? and America, teem with complaints, and longing for home. His in. dustry was indefatigable, and his general information of the widest range, perfectly accurate, and alway- s at command He died in 1850, in his seventyseventh year, and was borne from Moray Place to his last home in the cemetery at the Dean. In No. 34 lived the Hon. Baron successively Sheriff of Berwickshire and of West Lothian, Professor of Scots Law in the University of Edinburgh, and Baron of Exchequer till the abolition of the Court in 1830. His great work on the Criminal Law of Scotland has been deemed the text-book of that department of jurisprudence, and is constantly referred to as an authority, by bench and bar. It was published in 2 vols. quarto in 1799. He died at Edinburgh on the 30th August, FRANCIS, LORD JEFFRLY. (A/er fhe Pmt7a.i 6y Cnluin Smith, R.S.R.) David Hume, of the Scottish Exchequer in 1779 and 1780, nephew of the historian, and an eminent writer on the criminal jurisprudence of the country, one of the correspondents of the Mirror Club, and who for many years sat with Sir Walter Scott, at the Clerks? table in the first Division of the Court of Session. . No. 47 was long the abode of Sir James Wellwood Moncreiff, Bart., of Tullibole in Kinross-shire, who was called to the Scottish bar in 1799, and was raised to the bench in 1829, under the title of Lord MoncreifT, and died in 1851. His contemporary Baron Hume, tilled various important situations with great ability, having been 1S38, and left in the hands of the secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh a valuable collection of MSS. and letters belonging to, or relating to his celebrated uncle, the historian of England. In Forres Street -a short and steep one opening south from Moray Place-No. 3 was the residence of the great Thomas Chalmers, D.D., the leader of the F r e e C h u r c h movement, a largehearted, patriotic, and devout man, and of whom it has been said, that he was preeminently in the unity of an undivided life, at once a man of man of the world. God, a man of science, and a He was born on the 17th of March, 1780. As a preacher, it is asserted, that there were few whose eloquence was capable of producing an effect so strong and irresistible as his, without his ever having recourse to any of the arts of common pulpit enthusiasm. His language was bold and magnificent; his imagination fertile and distinct, gave richness to his style, while his arguments were supplied with a vast and rapid diversity of illustration, and all who ever heard him, still recall Thomas Chalmers with serious and deep-felt veneration. He is thus described in his earlier years, and ... OLD AND NEW EDINBURGH. [Moray Place. ~~ reputation, but he was too much a votary of the regular old ...

Book 4  p. 204
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81 BIOGRAPHICAL ‘SKETCHES. promoting what has been considered a remarkable revival of religion in the west of Scotland at that period ; and about ten years afterwards, in 1756, in a letter to the Rev. Dr, Gillies of Glasgow, he alludes, with a glow of satisfaction, to its remaining salutary effects in the parish of Killearn. During the whole period of his ministerial labours in connection with the Established Church, he displayed great public spirit ; and, even while a country clergyman, confined to his retired sphere of exertion, he was, as he had opportunity in the Church courts, a zealous defender of her liberty, independence, and legal rights, and a determined opponent of what he considered ecclesiastical tyranny, or an encroachment on her privileges. His feelings on these matters were distinctly and strongly expressed, connected with the procedure in his case at the bar of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1766. The conduct of that Court, in 1752, in deposing the Rev. Mr. Thomas Gillespie, of Carnock, from the office of the ministry, as well as some more recent proceedings, were understood to have made a strong impression on his mind. Considering them as infringing on the cause of religious liberty, they had undoubtedly a powerful influence in inducing him to resign his pastoral charge in Paisley. In the opinion of some of his friends, however, an occurrence, toward the close of his ministry in that town, was not without its effect. A vacancy in the office of session-clerk of the parish having taken place, a keen dispute arose as to who had the right of appointing a successor-whether the Kirk Session or Town Council. Each of these public bodies maintained their claim with obstinate tenacity. After much angry dispute, in which the whole community took an interest, the case came to be litigated in the Court of Session, and was finally.decided in favour of the Town Council. This decision produced much disagreeable feeling among the members of Session, and some of them resigned. With the discontented party Mr. Baine accorded, and keenly pleaded their cause ; but his reverend colleague having taken part with the members of Town Council, a painful misunderstanding was produced between these two distinguished clergymen, and followed with consequences probably affecting the’future destinies of both: To this disagreeable event Mr, Baine particularly refers, in his letter to the Moderator of Paisley Presbytery, had presided. It is, however, well known to those acquainted with the history of that eventful period, that, in 1775, on the breaking out of the American revolutionary war, his laudable and useful labours were interrupted by the confusion and disasters which ensued. The buildings of the College were made a barracks for the royal army ; the library, with other parts of the premises, were entirely destroyed ; and the President himself, upon the approach of the hostile legions, was obliged to fly to a place of safety. Having espoused the cause of the revolted colonies, he was at an early period of the contest appointed a member of Congress ; and, in that station, he became in a high degree beneficial to the cause by his talents as a writer and political economist. Many of the most important papers connected with the business of that Assembly were known to be the production of his pen. After a life of great activity and usefulness, Dr. Witherspoon died at Princetown, New Jersey, in 1794, in the seventy-second year of his age. Kay, in his notes, alluding to the variances of the two clergymen, somewhat wittily remarks that the call of Mr. Baine to the Relief Congregation in Edinburgh “may be supposed to have afforded relief to both.’’ ... BIOGRAPHICAL ‘SKETCHES. promoting what has been considered a remarkable revival of religion in the west of ...

Book 9  p. 113
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 427 and children, they would still be provided for ; and He who feeds the ravens would feed the young Mealmakers.” Mealmaker was the author of the ‘( Address,” for which Mr. Thomas Fyshe Palmer was transported in 1793 ; and appeared as a witness, although an involuntary one, at the trial. In a parody on the well-known Scots song of ‘‘ Fy, let us a’ to the weddin’ ” (written it is said, by Dr. Drennan), the author of the “ Catechism of Man,” as well as several of his contemporaries, are alluded to in a strain of tolerable humour. He died in exile. We only remember the following verses :- “ Fy, let u9 a’ to the meetin’, For mony braw lads will be there, Explaining the wrangs 0’ Great Britain, And pointing them out to a hair. “ An’ there will be grievances shown, That ne’er was kent aught thing about ; An’ there’ll be things set a-going, That’ll end in the devil, I doubt. The Reverend Neil Douglas I trow, Wha rowed frae Dundee in a pinnace, An’ left the Seceders to rue. “ An’ there will be Geordie Mealmaker, An’ twa three lads mair fi-ae the north ; An’ there will be Hastie, the baker, An’ Callander’s son 0’ Craigforth.’ ‘‘ An’ there will be Roqa cudgel teacher- A fit man for fechtin’ is he ! An’ there’ll be Donaldsoa the preacher, A noble Berean frae Dundee.” “ An’ there will be Laing and George Innes, A person of considerable notoriety iu his day, and son of the antiquary. He left Scotland when young, and remained upwards of twenty years abroad. Upon his succession to the Ardkinglaa estate, he dropped the name of Callander, and styled himself Sir James Campbell, Bart., although he had no right whatsoever to the title. While abroad he formed an acquaintance with a Madame Sassen, whom, in a power of attorney, he recognised as his wife ; and subsequently legal proceedings were adopted by her to establish a marriage, but without success. The lady, however, was found entitled to a considerable annuity in the Scotch Courts ; but her reputed husband having appealed to the House of Lords, the judgments in her favour were reversed. Nothing daunted by this discomfiture, Madame Sassen brought various other actions against Sir James, which were only terminated by the death of the partiea, which, remarkably enough, occurred within a fortnight of each other. Latterly the lady became as well known in the Parliament House, by her personal superintendence of her cases, as Andrew Nicol, or the famed Peter Peebles. Sir James published memoirs of his own life-a work not remarkable for the accnracy of its facts. He and a black man, named Rogerson, another teacher of the art of self-defence, fought in a large room in Blackfriars’ Wpd, on the 6th August 1791. after pummeling oue another for nu hour and a half, Ross gave in, at the same time claiming the battle, in consequence of foul blows. The tickets of admission were three shillings each ; and n large aum was collected. The parties were subsequently fined by the Magistrates, and bound over to keep the peace. A correspondent has favoured u9 with the following particulars relating to these two doughty heroes :- , “ George Ross waa originally bred s cloth merchant with the late Thomas Campbell, whose shop was in front of the Royal Exchange. We began to learn cudgelling with the yard-measures belonging to the shop. Ross was a pugilist. I had the honour of being s pupil of Ross. ... SKETCHES. 427 and children, they would still be provided for ; and He who feeds the ravens would ...

Book 8  p. 594
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I 66 MEMORIALS OF EDINBURGH. the plough, to his friend Richmond, a writer’s apprentice, and accepted the offer of a share of his room and bed, in the house of Mrs Carfrae, Baxter’s Close, Lawnmarket.’ In the first stair to the left, on entering the close, and on the first floor of the house, is the poet’s lodging. The tradition of his residence there has passed through very few hands ; the predecessor of the present tenant (a respectable widow, who has occupied the house for many years) learned it from Mrs Carfrae, and the poet’# room is pointed out, with its window looking into Lady Stair’s Close. The land is an ancient and very substantial building, with large and neatly moulded windows, retaining the marks of having been finished with stone mullions; in one tier in particular the windows are placed one above another, only separated at each story by a narrow lintel, so as to present the singular appearance of one long and narrow window from top to bottom of the lofty land. From this ancient dwelling, Burns issued to dine or sup with the magnates of the land, and, “when the company arose in the gilded and illuminated rooms, some of the fair guests-perhaps Her Grace, Whose flambeaux flash against the morning skies, And gild our chamber ceilings as they pass, took the hesitating arm of the bard, went smiling to her coach, waved a graceful good-night with her jewelled hand, and, departing to her mansion, left him in the middle of the street, to grope his way through the dingy alleys .of the gude town,’ to his obscure lodging, with his share of a deal table, a sanded floor, and a chaff bed, at eighteenpence a week.” a The poet’s lodging, however, is no such dingy apartment as this description implies ; it is a large and well-proportioned room, neatly panelled with wood, according to a fashion by no means very antiquated then ; and if he was as well boarded as lodged, the hardy ploughman would find. hia independence exposed to no insurmountable temptation, for all the grandeur of the old Scottish Duchesses, most of whose carriages were only sedan chairs, unless when they preferred the more economical conveyance of a gude pair of pattens I ” Over the doorway of the old house immediately opposite to that of Burns’, in Baxter’s Close, there is a curious and evidently a very ancient lintel,-a relic of some more stately mansion of the olden time, It bears a shield, now much defaced, surmounted by a crown, and above this a cross, with the figure of a man leaning over it, wearing a mitre. The initials, A. S. and E. I., are placed on either side; and above the whole, in antique Gothic letters, is the inscription, BLISSIT BE * THE * LORD IN - HIS * GIFTIS FOR * NOV AND EVIR. We are inclined, from the appearance of this stone, to assign to it an earlier date than that of any other inscription in Edinburgh. The house into which it is built is evidently a much later erection, and no clue is furnished from its titles as to any previous building having occupied the site. It passed by inheritance, in the year 1746, into the possession of Martha White, only child of a wealthy burgess, whose gold won for her, some years later, the honours of Countess of Elgin and Kincardine, Governess to her Royal Highness Princess Charlotte of Wales, and the parentage of sundry honourable Lady Marthas, Lord Thomases, and the like. Allan Cunningham’s Burns, vol. i. p. 115. Ibid, vol. i p. 131. ... 66 MEMORIALS OF EDINBURGH. the plough, to his friend Richmond, a writer’s apprentice, and accepted the offer ...

Book 10  p. 180
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202 MEMORIALS OF EDINBURGH. Nary, the Scottish Parliaments and the College of Justice assembled there, until their sitting were transferred to the fine hallwhich still remains in Parliament Square, though so strangely disguised externally by its modern facing. On the desertion of the New Tolbooth by the Scottish Estates and Courts of Law, it was exclusivly devoted to the deliberations of the civic counsellors, until the erection of the Royal Exchange provided enlarged accommodation for the Council. The Laigh Hall, where Assemblies both of the Kirk and Estates had often been held, was a large and handsome room. Its ceiling was beautifullywrought in various panels, with rich pendants from their centres, and finished with emblazonry and gilding. On its demolition some interesting and valuable relics of early decorations were brought to light. The walls had been originally panelled with oak, and when at a later period this came to be regarded as old-fashioned and inelegant, the antique panelling was concealed, without removal, behind a modern coating of lath and plaster. There is reason to believe that the compartments of the walls when first completed had been filled with a series of portraits, but unfortunately, little attention was paid to the old building at the period of its destruction, and we are only aware of one of the paintings that has been preserved. There is much probability in favour of this being an original portrait of the Queen Regent, Mary of Guise. It is well painted on an oak panel, and in fine condition, and was at -first believed to represent Queen Anne, the consort of James VI., having been almost completely obscured by smoke and dirt at the time of its discovery. It was then thought that it must have been accompanied by a portrait of .James ; and it is e xceedingly probable that others of equal value to the one thus accidentally preserved may have been thrown aside and destroyed with the discarded panelling. This curious portrait is now in the possession of Alexander Mackay, Esq. of Blackcastle. It represents the Queen in a high-bordered lace cap and ruff, such as both she and her daughter are usually painted with. The details of the lacework are elaborately rendered, and the expression of countenance is dignified and very pleasing. On the painting being cleaned, an ingenious monogram was brought to light, burned into the back of the panel, composing the word MARIA, and leaving, we think, little doubt of the genuineness of the portrait, which was thus found by accident, and has passed through no picture-dealer’s hands. To this ancient building belong many of the later historical associations that have been referred by some of our local historians to its predecessor. It was from one of its windows that the affrighted monarch James VI. attempted in vain to appease the enraged citizens in 1596, when, “had they not been restrained by that worthy citizen, John Watt, the deacon-convener,-who at this dangerous juncture assembled the crafts,-they would undoubtedly have forced the door, and probably have destroyed the King and all that were with him.” The whole tumult appears to have resulted in mutual distrust, which was taken advantage of by some designing meddlers to set the Court and citizens at variance. The Kirk and King were at the time nearly at open strife, and Mr Robert Bruce was preaching to a select audience in St Giles’s Church, preparatory to framing “ certain articles for redresse of the wrongs done to the Kirk,” while the King was Bitting in the neighbouring Tolbooth, “ in the seate of Justice, among the Lords of the Sessioun,” seemingly thinking of nothing less than the granting of any such requests. While the Commissioners went to the Tolbooth to make their wishes known to the King, “Mr Maitland, p. 48. ... MEMORIALS OF EDINBURGH. Nary, the Scottish Parliaments and the College of Justice assembled there, until their ...

Book 10  p. 221
(Score 0.28)

iv OLD AND NEW EDINBURGH. - CHAPTER VI. THE VALLEY OF THE WATER OF LEITH. PAGE Lady Sinclair of Dunbeath-Bell's Mills-Water of Leith Village-Mill at the Dean-Tolbwth there-Old Houses-The Dean and Poultry -Lands thereof-The Nisbet Family-A Legend-The Dean Village-Belgrave Crescent-The Parish Church-Stewart's Hospital- Orphan Hospita-John Watson's Hospital-The Dean Cemetery-Notable Interments there . . . . . . . . . 62 CHAPTER VII. VALLEY OF THE WATER OF LEITH (continued). The Dean Bridge-Landslips at Stockbridge-Stone Coffins-Floods in the Leith-Population in ~74z-St. Bernard's Estate-Rods Tower- " Chritopher North " in Aune Street-De Quincey there-St. Bernard's Well-Cave at Randolph Cliff-Veitchs Square-Churches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in the Locality-Sir Henry Raeburn-Old Deanhaugh House ' 70 CHAPTER VIII. VALLEY OF THE WATER OF LEITH (concluded). E.niiuent Men connected with Stockbridge-David Robert7. RA.--K Macleay, R.S.A.-James Browne, LL.D.-James Hogg-Sir J. Y. Simpson, Bart. -Leitch Ritchie-General Mitchell-G. R. Luke-Comely Bank-Fettes Collegc--Craigleith Quarry-Groat Hall-Silver Mills-St. Stephen's Church-The Brothers Lauder-Jam- Drummond, R.S.A.-Deaf and -Dumb Institution-Dean Bank Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -The Edinburgh Academy -78 CHAPTER IX. CANONMILLS AND INVERLEITH. CanonmillgThe Loch-Riots of 1784-The Gymnasium-Tanfield HalL-German Church-Zoological Gardens-Powder Hall-Rosebank Cemetery-Red BraesThe Crawfords of Jordanhill-Bonnington-Bishop Keith-The Sugar Refinery-Pilrig-The Balfour Family- Inverleith-Ancient ProprietorsThe Touris-The Rocheids-Old Lady Inverleith-General Crocket-Royal Botanical GardensMr. JamesMacNab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 CHAPTER X. THE WESTERN NEW TOWN. Coltbridge-Roseburn House-Traditions of it-Murrayfield-Lord Henderland-Beechwood-General Leslie-The Dundaxs-Ravelston- The Foulises and Keiths-Craigcrook-Its fint Proprietors-A Fearful Tragedy-Archibald Constable-Lord Jeffrey-Davidson's Mains-LauristonCastle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IOZ CHAPTER XI, C O R S T O R P H I N E . ContorphintSupposed Origin of the N a m t T h e Hill-James VI. hunting there-The Cross-The Spa-The Dicks of Braid and con^ phine-" Contorphine Cream '%onvalerent House-A Wraith-The Original Chapel-The Collegiate Church-Its Provosts-Its Old Tombs-The Castle and Loch of Cohtorphine-The Forrester Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 12 CHAPTER XII. rHE OLD EDINBURGH CLUBS. Of Old Clubs, and some Notabilia of Edinburgh Life in the Last Century-The Horn Order-The Union Club-Impious Clubs--Assembly of Birds-The Sweating Club-The Revolution and certain other Clubs-The Beggars' Benison -The Capillaim Club-The Industrious Company-The Wig, Exulapian, Boar, Country Dinner, The East India, Cape, Spendthrift, Pious, Antemanurn, Six Feet, and Shakespeare Clubs-Oyster Cellars-" Frolics "-The "Duke of Edinburgh" . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 ... OLD AND NEW EDINBURGH. - CHAPTER VI. THE VALLEY OF THE WATER OF LEITH. PAGE Lady Sinclair of ...

Book 6  p. 394
(Score 0.28)

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, 215 period the Count frequently Visited London, from whence, it is said, he directed the operations of the Chouans in Bretagne. He also visited Sweden in 1804, and again returned to Britain in 1806. CHARLES PHILIP COUNT DARTOIS, brother of Louis XVI., was born in 1757.’ “At the beginning of the Revolution he declared against its principles, and was one of the most zealous defenders of the royal prerogatives.” At length a price having been set on his head by the Convention, he was under the necessity of withdrawing himself from France; and, from 1789 till 1794, continued a wanderer among various continental courts. Towards the end of the last-mentioned year the British Government granted him an allowance, when he embarked for Britain. Previous to the Revolution, which proved so destructive to his family, the Count is described to have been the most gay, gaudy, fluttering, accomplished, luxurious, and expensive Prince in Europe.” He married Maria Theresa, daughter of the King of Sardinia, in 1773, by whom he had two sons,-the eldest of whom, the Duc d‘Angouleme, accompanied him in his exile, and arrived at Holyrood House a few days after his father. The life of the Count d‘iirtois has been very much chequered. On the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in 1815, his elder brother, the Count de Provence, ascended the throne of France as Louis XVIII., and on his death the Count succeeded to the crown under the title of Charles X.; but the well-known recent events of the “ Glorious Three Days ” again drove him and his family into exile. In 1830 he once more took up his residence at Holyrood, where he resided with the Duc and Duchess d‘iingouleme, and his grandson the Duc de Bourdeaux, till 1833, when he retired to Gratz, a town of Illyria in the Austrian dominions. There he died of inflammation in the bowels, November 6, 1836, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. L , Can Scotia hear my mournful tale, And Scotia not afford relief? Oh ! let the voice of woe prevail- Thy tenderness will soothe my grief.” When the Count revisited Holyrood aa Charles X., the author of these lines then presented him with a few lines of condolence and congratulation by the hand of a confidential friend. In December 1763 the subject of this notice acted a part in a little drama of compliment with which David Hume was treated at t4e French Court, in consideration of his literary merits. We make the following extract from a letter of Hume to Dr. Robertson :-“What happened last week, when I had the honour of being presented to the Dauphin’s children at Versailles, is one of the most curious scenes I have yet passed through. The Due de B. (Bourdeaux, afterwards Louis XVI.), the eldest, 8 boy ten years old, stepped forth, and told me how many friends and admirers I had in this country, and that he reckoned himself in the number, from the pleasure he had received from reading many passages of my works. When he had finished, the Count de P. ‘(Provence, afterwards Louis XVIII.), who is two years younger, began his discourse, and informed me that I had been long and impatiently expected in France ; and that he himself expected soon to have great satisfnction from the reading of my fine history. But, what is more curious, when I waa carried thence to the Count d’A (Artois), who is but four (six) years of age, I heard him mumble something, which, though he had forgot it in the way, I conjectured, from some scattered words, to have been also a panegyric dictated to him. Nothing could more surprise my friends, the Parisian philosophers, than thia incident.”- RITCHIE’S Life of H u e , 155. ... SKETCHES, 215 period the Count frequently Visited London, from whence, it is said, he directed the ...

Book 8  p. 303
(Score 0.28)

3 60 MEMORIALS OF EDINBURGH. converted into shops of late years, but not so effectually as to conceaI their character, which is deserving of special notice as a peculiar and very characteristic feature in the domestic architecture of the town. Returning, however, to the ancient edifices of the Kirkgate, we must refer the reader to the view already given of one which was only demolished in 1845, and which, from its appearance, was undoubtedly one of the oldest private buildings in Leith.’ Popular fame, as was mentioned before, assigned its erection to May of Guise. The value to be attached to such traditional associations may be inferred from a remark in the most recent history of Leith Were we to give credit to all the traditionary information we have received, Mary of Lorraine would appear to have had in Leith not one place of residence, but at least a score, there being scarcely an old house in the town without its claims to the honour of having been the habitation of the Queen Regent. The mortification, therefore, which certainly awaits him who sets out on an antiquarian excursion through Leith, particularly if the house of that illustrious personage be the object of his pursuit, will not proceed from any difficulty in discovering the former residence of her Majesty, but in the much more puzzling circumstance of finding by far too many ;-in short, that nearly all the existing antiquities of Leith are fairly divided between Cromwell and Queen Mary, between whom there would Beem to have been a sort of partnership in building houses. As might naturally be expected from this association, her Majesty and the Protector would appear to have lived on the most sociable footing. We have in more than one instance found them residing under one roof, Queen Mary occupying probably the first floor, and Cromwell living up-stairs.’” Such popular aptitude in the coining of traditions is by no means confined to Leith; but the antiquary may escape all further trouble in searching for the Queen’s mansion by consulting Naitland, who remarks, (‘ that Mary .of Lorraine having chosen Leith for her residence, erected a house to dwell in at the corner of Quality Street Wpd in the Rotten Row,” now known as Water Lane, ‘‘ but the same being taken down and rebuilt, the Scottish Arms which were in the front thereof are erected in the wall of a house opposite thereto on the southern side ; and the said Mary, for the convenience of holding councils, erected a handsome and spacious edifice for her Privy Council to meet in.”’ The curious visitor will look in vain now even for the sculptured arms that escaped the general destruction of the ancient edifice wherein the Queen Regent, Mary of Guise, spent the last years of her life, embittered by the strife of factions and the horrors of civil war ;-an ominous preparative for her unfortunate daughter’s assumption of the sceptre, which was then wielded in her name. One royal abode, however, still remains-if tradition is to be trusted-and forms a feature of peculiar interest among the antiquities of the Kirkgate. Entering by a low and narrow archway immediately behind the buildings on the east side, and about half way between Charlotte Street and Coatfield Lane, the visitor finds himself in a singular-looking, irregular little court, retaining unequivocal marks of former magnificence. A projecting staircase is thrust obliquely into the narrow space, and adapts itself to the irregular sides of the court by sundry corbels and recesses, such as form the most characteristic features of our old Bcottish domestic architecture, and might almost seem to a fanciful imagination to have been produced as it jostled itself into the straitened site. A richly decorated dormer 1 Ante, p. 54. Abridged from Campbell’a History of Leith, p. 312. Maitland, p. 496. ... 60 MEMORIALS OF EDINBURGH. converted into shops of late years, but not so effectually as to conceaI their ...

Book 10  p. 395
(Score 0.28)

YAMES IV. TO THE BATTLE OF FLODDEN. 27 Within the gate, the houses were gaily decorated, the windows being hung with tapestry, and filled with “lordes, ladyes, gentylwomen and gentylmen ; and in the churches of the towne, bells rang for myrthe.” Here they were received by the chapter and prebendaries of St Gilea’s Church in their richest vestments, and bearing the arm of their patron saint, which they presented to their Majesties to kiss ; while the good city vied with the ecclesiastics in testifying their joy by pageants and quaint mysteries, suited to the auspicious occasion. Nigh to the cross, at which a fountain flowed with wine, whereof all might drink,’ they were received by Paris and the rival goddesses, “with Mercure that gaffe him the apylle of gold for to gyffe to the most fayre of the thre.” Further on was the salutation of the Angel Gabriel to the Virgin ; while on another gate, probably the Netherbow, appeared the four virtues-Justice, treading Nero under her feet; Force, bearing a pillar, and beneath her Holofernes, all armed ; Temperance, holding a horse’s bit, and treading on Epicurus , and Prudence, triumphing over Sardanapalus ! while the tabrets played merrily as the royal prdcession passed through, and ao proceeded to the Abbey. There they were received by the Archbishop of St Andrews, accompanied by a numerous retinue of bishops, abbots, and other ecclesiastics, in their official robes, and conducted to the high altar, at which they knelt, while the (‘ Te Dam” was sung, and then passed through the cloisters into the Palace. In the great chamber (the hangings of which represented the history of Troy, and the windows filled with the arms of Scotland and England, and other heraldic devices, in coloured glass), were many ladies of great name and nobly arrayed ; and the King letting go the Queen, till she had kissed all the ladies, the Bishop of Moray acted as Master of the Ceremonies, naming each as she saluted her :-“ After she had kyssed them all, the Kyng kyssed her for her labour, and so took her again with low cortesay and bare hed, and brought hyr to hyr charmer, and kyssed her agayn, and so took his leve right humble ! ” ‘‘ The eighth day of the said month, every, man apointed himself richly for the marriage, the ladies noblyaparelled, some in gowns of cloth of gold, others of crimson, velvet, and black; others of satin, tynsell, and damask, and of chamlet of many colours; hoods, chains, and collars upon their necks. . . . . . The Kyng sat in a chape of cramsyn velvet, the pannells of that sam gylte, under hys cloth of astat of blew velvet fygured of gold; ” with the Archbishop of York at his right hand, and the Earl of Surrey on his left; while the Scottish bishops and nobles led the Queen frold her chamber, “crowned with a varey ryche crowne of gold, garnished with pierry and perles, to the high altar, where the marriage was solemnised by the Archbishop of Glasgow, amid the sound of trumpets and the acclamation of the noble company.” At the dinner which followed, the Queen was served at the first course with ‘‘ a wyld borres hed gylt, within a fayr platter,” followed by sundry other equally queenly dishes. The chamber was adorned with hangl Lelaod’e Collectan- vol. iv. p. 289. VIoNmm-Ancient padlock, dug up in Greytiara’ Churchyard, 1841. ... IV. TO THE BATTLE OF FLODDEN. 27 Within the gate, the houses were gaily decorated, the windows being hung ...

Book 10  p. 29
(Score 0.28)

300 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. No. .CCLXXII. MIRZA ABOUL HASSAN EHAN, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY FROM THE KING OF PERSIA TO THE COURT OF GREAT BRITAIN. ABOULH ASSANt,h e Persian Ambassador, first visited Great Britain in 1809. He was entrusted with a formal complaint against the Government of India, and with instructions for the settlement of a treaty then pending betwixt Persia and this country. His Excellency landed at Plymouth on the 30th of November. Every attention was paid to his accommodation ; and, on his arrival in London, he was conducted to an elegant house prepared for him in Mansfield Street. On the 15th of the following month, the King’s ministers, in full dress, paid their respects ; and on the 20th, he had his first audience of his Majesty at the Queen’s Palace. He was introduced by the Marquis Wellesley, and was accompanied by Sir Gore Onseley, Bart., whom his Majesty appointed to hold the situation of mehmander, or interpreter. The following account is given of the manner in which the Ambassador was conducted to the Palace :- “About one o’clock his Majesty’s carriage and six beautiful bay horses, with the servants in new state liveries, and two new carriages of his Excellency, together with that of Sir Stephen Cottrell, master of the ceremonies, arrived at his Excellency’s house. In a short time after his Excellency came out of the house, carrying his credentials in his hand in an elegant gold casket, upon an elegant silver salver covered with crimson velvet. His Excellency appeared highly pleased with the grand appearance of his Majesty’s carriage a d superb liveries, also with the reception of a generous English public, who took off their hats and gave him three cheers. Mr. Chester, for Sir Stephen Cottrell, who wag indisposed, followed his Excellency into the coach, and took his seat on the left of the Ambassador. His Excellency’s carriage followed, with Mr. Morier, who went from England with Sir Harford Jones upon his mission to Persia,’ as an interpreter, and returned with his Excellency to this country in the same capacity, and other attendants. In the third carriage were two pages, his Excellency’s priest, and Mr. Durrant, the interpreter to the attendants and household ; those who were not of this country were dressed in new Eastern dresses. The procession was led by the carriage of Sir Stephen Cottrell. The streets through which it passed were crowded to excess ; and the Park was so extremely thronged that it was with difficulty the carriages could proceed. It being the determination of Government to show his Excellency every mark of respect, he was allowed to enter the Queen’s Palace by the great doors in front, where, usually, no one is allowed to enter save the royal family, His Excellency entered the Palace about a quarter before two o’clock. He was accompanied to the state apartments by Mr. Chester, Sir Gore Onseley, and Mr. Morier. His servants were dressed in scarlet coats, richly embroidered with gold lace, breeches and waistcoat of green and gold, hat cocked, with gold lace. On his return to Mansfield Street, Sir Gore Ouseley and Mr. Morier were invited to partake of an entertainment with him, called in Persia a PiZlaw; it was composed of rice and fowls stewed with spices.” Sir Gore Ouseley took his seat with his back to the horses. The following interesting sketch of the personal appearance and character of Si Harford went out in 1808 ; but owing to gome misunderstanding betwixt the Governor of India (Lord Minto) and General Malcolm, he failed in accomplishing an amicable adjustment of the treaty. ... BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. No. .CCLXXII. MIRZA ABOUL HASSAN EHAN, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY FROM THE KING OF PERSIA TO ...

Book 9  p. 400
(Score 0.28)

68 MEMORIALS OF EDINBURGH. Valence and Amiens, and other French commissioners, and a treaty was formally concluded and signed, by which, through the diplomatic skill of Cecil, the objects aimed at by Queen Elizabeth, as well as the real interests of the Congregation, were completely secured, notwithstanding the feeble remonstrances of the French commissioners. A separate convention, agreed to at the same time, bound the French garrison to remove all the artillery from the ramparts of Leith, completely to demolish its fortifications, and immediately thereafter to embark for France. On the 19th of July,-the third day after the embarkation of the French troops at Leith, and the departure of the English forces on their march homeward,-a solemn public thanksgiving was held by the reforming nobles, and the great body of the Congregation, in St Giles’s Church ; and thereafter the preachers were appointed to some of the chief boroughs of the kingdom, Knox being confirmed in the chief charge at Edinburgh. A Parliament assembled in Edinburgh on the 1st of August, the proceedings of which were opened with great solemnity. The lesser barons, from their interest in the progress of the reformed doctrines, claimed the privilege, which they had long ceased to use, of sitting and voting in the Assembly of the Three Estates. This led to the accession of nearly a hundred votes, nearly all of them adhering to the Protestant party. After the discussion of 8ome preliminary questions,-particularly as to the authority by which the Parliament was summoned,-Maitland was appointed their “ harangue maker,” or speaker, and they proceeded to choose the Lords of the Articles. Great complaint was made as to the choice falling entirely on those well affected to the new religion, particularly among the Lords Spiritual, some of whose representatives were mere laymen ;-but altogether without effect. c( This being done,” says Randolph, in an interesting letter to Cecil, U the Lords departed, and accompanied the Duke as far as the Bow,-which is the gate going out of the High Street,-and many down unto the Palace where he lieth; the town all in armour, the trumpets sounding, and all other kinds of music such as they have. . . . . . The Lords of the Articles sat from henceforth in Holyrood House, except that at such times as upon matter of importance the whole Lords assembled themselves again, as they did this day, in the Parliament House.” The Parliament immediately proceeded with the work of reformation, a Confession of Faith was drawn up, and approved of by acclamation, embodying a summary of Christian doctrine in accordance with the views of the majority, and this was seconded by a series of acts rendering all who refused to subscribe to its tenets liable to confiscation, banishment, and even death. Ambassadors were despatched to England with proposals of marriage between the Earl of Arran, eldest 6011 to the Duke of Chatelherault, and Queen Elizabeth, while Sir James Sandilands, grand prior of the knights of St John of Jerusalem, was sent to France to carry an account of their proceedings to the Queen. The latter met with a very cool reception ; he was, however, entrusted with a reply from the Scottish Queen, which, though it refused to recognise the assembly by which he was sent as a Parliament, was yet couched in conciliatory terms, and intimated her intention to despatch commissioners immediately, to convene a legal Parliament ; but ere Sir James arrived at Edinburgh, the news reached him of the death of the young King, her royal consort, anwhich avent caused the utmost rejoicing among the party of the Congregation. MS. Letter St P. O&, 9th August 1560, Tytler. ... MEMORIALS OF EDINBURGH. Valence and Amiens, and other French commissioners, and a treaty was formally ...

Book 10  p. 74
(Score 0.28)

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 191 James was one of the first sheriffs appointed by the crown. He obtained the sheriffdom of Tweeddale, his native county ; and it may be noticed that he was the last survivor of all those appointed at the same period. His conduct as a judgd in this situation-the more irksome from its being the first of a new order of things-proved so highly satisfactory, that in 1764 he was promoted to the office of Solicitor-General for Scotland, and elected to represent his native county in the British Parliament. A few years after he was still farther honoured by the appointment of Lord Advocate; and in 1777, on the death of Lord Chief-Baron Ord, he was appointed Lord Chief-Baron of his Majesty's Court of Exchequer.' This situation he held until 1801, when he found it necessary to retire from public business. The title of Baronet was then conferred upon him (July 16, lSOl), as a mark of royal esteem for his long and faithful services. Sir James, like his father, had early formed a just estimate of the importance of agriculture as a study; and, even amid the laborious duties of his official appointments, was enthusiastic in its pursuits. On his farm of Wester-Deans, in the parish of Newlands, he had turnips in drills, dressed by a regular process of horse-hoeing, so early as 1757 ; and he was among the first, if not the very first, in Scotland who introduced the light horse-plough, instead of the old cumbrous machine which, on the most favourable soil, required four horses and a driver to manage them. For the purpose of enlarging his practical knowledge, Sir James travelled over the most fertile counties of England, and embraced every opportunity which could possibly tend to aid him in promoting his patriotic design of improving the agriculture of his native country. The means of reclaiming waste lands in particular occupied a large share of his attention. His first purchase was a portion of land, remarkable for its unimprovable appearance, lying upon the upper extremities of the parishes of Newlands and Eddleston. This small estate, selected apparently for the purpose of demonstrating the practicability of a favourite theory, dbtained the designation of the ' I Whim," a name which it has since retained. He also rented, under a long lease, a considerable range' of contiguous ground from Lord Portmore. Upon these rude lands, which consisted chiefly of a deep moss soil, Sir James set to work, and speedily proved what could be accomplished by capital, ingenuity, and industry. In a few years the '' Whim" became one of the most fertile spots in that part of the country. His next purchase was the extensive estate of Stanhope? lying in the parishes of Stobo, Drummellier, and Tweedsmuir, and consisting principally of mountainous sheep-walks. Here, too, he effected great improvements, by erecting enclosures where serviceable-planting numerous belts of young trees-and building com- 1 He was the first Scotsman who held this office since the establishment of the Court in 1707. * These lands belonged to Sir Alexander Murray of Stanhope, Baronet-the husband of that Lady Murray, whose beautiful memoirs of her father and mother were, for the first time, printed under the superintendence of Thomas Thomson, Esquire, from the original MS., in 1822, 8vo. Her husband ruined himself by his. wild speculations, and his paternal estate passed to other hands. ... SKETCHES. 191 James was one of the first sheriffs appointed by the crown. He obtained the sheriffdom ...

Book 8  p. 269
(Score 0.28)

ECCLESIASTICAL ANTIQUITIES. 407 from the deceased King of Scots’ Palace all or most of his princely library, many books of which are now at Speke, particularly four large folios, said to contain the Records and Laws of Scotland at that time. He also brought from the said Palace the Wainscot of the King’s Hall, and put it up in his own hall at Speke, wherein are seen all the orders of architecture, as Tuscan, Dorick, Ionick, Corinthian, and Composite ; and round the top of it this inscription, ‘ SLEEPE . NOT . TILL . YE . HATHE . CONSEDERD . HOW THOW . WAYS . REPENT . YE.’ ” Speke .Hall still exists as one of the fine old manor-houses of Lancashire, and could this tradition be relied on would form an object of peculiar attraction, as the antique wainscot with its quaint moral still adorns the great hall. It proves, however, to be the work of a later age, corresponding to similar specimens in the neighbouring halls, erected in the reign of Elizabeth. It might, indeed, be confidently affirmed, that the Roman orders were not introduced into Scotland till a considerably later period ; but the above description answers very partially to the original. The tradition, however, is probably not altogether without foundation. Two figures of angels, richly gilt, “in form such as are introduced dnder consoles in Gothic architecture,” formerly surmounted the wainscot, evidently no part of the original design, and these, it is conjectured, may have been among the spoils which were carried off from the Palace in 1547.8 The Abbey of Holyrood frequently afforded accomniodation to the Scottish Court, before the addition of a distinct royal dwelling to the ancient monastic buildings, This, it is probable, was not effected till the reign of Janies IV, It is certain, at any rate, that large sums were spent by him in building and decorating the Palace during the interval of four years between his betrothment and marriage to Margaret of England. In the map to which we have so frequently referred, the present north-west tower, which forms the only ancient portion of the Palace as it now stands, is shown standing almost apart, and only joined to the south-west tower of the Abbey Church by a low cloister. To the south of this appears an irregular group of buildings, of considerable extent, and apparently covered with tiles, while the whole houses in the Canongate seem, from the colouring of the drawing, to be only thatched. It is not necessary, however, further to investigate the early history of the Palace here, as most of the remarkable historicd incidents associated with it have already been referred to. The latest writer who has left any account of the old Palace is John Taylor, the Water poet, in the amusing narrative of his Pennylesse Pilgrimage to Scotland in 1618. The following is his description :-‘‘ I was at his Majestie’s Palace, a stately and princely seate, wherein I saw a sumptuous Chappell, most richly adorned with all appurtenances belonging to so sacred 8 pJace, or so royal1 an owner. In the inner court I saw the King’s Armes cunningly carved in stone, and fixed over a doore aloft on the wall, the Red Lyon being the Crest, over which was written this inscription in Latin :-No6is h c invicta miserunt 106 Proavi. I inquired what the English of it was? it was told me as followeth, which I thought worthy to be recorded-106 Fore-fatAers have left this to us unconquered;”-an interpretation which leads the Water poet into a series of very loyal EL4ST. SPENT. YE. DAY. PAST . IF . THOW. HAVE. WELL . DON. THANK. GOD . LF . OTHEB . Fide Archadogia Scotica, vol. iv. ; from whence the inscription ia correctly given. ’ Ibid, p. 14, ... ANTIQUITIES. 407 from the deceased King of Scots’ Palace all or most of his princely library, ...

Book 10  p. 446
(Score 0.28)

Tron Church. sum had been paid but once in ten years, yet, if it had been properly managed, the accumulated sum behoved to have exceeded ~16,000 sterling." The old spire had been partially built'of wood covered with lead, according to a design frequently repeated on public buildings then in Scotland. It was copied from the Dutch ; but the examples of it are rapidly disappearing. A bell, which cost 1,490 merks Scots, was hung in it in 1673, and continued weekly to summon the parishioners to prayer and - EXPLANATION. A The principal Entry. B The mea 01 thrSyuare. C The Piazza, I3 The Coffee-room inthe west Coffec-hare. d Rwnis aod Closets in diLlp. a The Coffee-mm in the middk Ccffec e Rmpis and Closets in ditm. F The Coffee-room in the la t Coffeehoux. f Raoms io ditto. G The Great Sair leadiog to the Custon H The P a q e Ieadioi 10 ditt-. I 'An open for 1etriI.g in li6ht to the Houses in the Writer's Court under the level of the Square. E The Passage belwecn the Square and Wriicr's Court. 1. Seven Shops withiu the Square m Four Shops behi d the raqe tvthe srect. N Ten Shop an a line with the street. 0 An open of four feet for dcoopirg eaws P Part ot the M'riter-5 Court. g Area of ditto. house. - H0"W. of the neighbouring houses B pounds yearly. It is an edifice of uninteresting appearance and nondescript style, being neither Gothic nor Palladian, but a grotesque mixture of both. It received its name from its vicinity to the Tron, or public beam for the weighing of merchandise, which stood near it. A very elegant stone spire, which was built in 1828, replaces that which perished in the great conflaggation of four years before. The Tron beam appears to have been used as GENERAL PLAN OF THE ROYAL EXCHANGE. (Frmn an Engraviw in fhe "Scofs Mafizzine" fm 1754.) sermon till the great fire of 1824, when it was partly melted by heat, and fell with a mighty crash through the blazing ruins of the steeple. Portions of it were made into drinking quaighs and similar memorials. In 1678 the tower was completed by placing therein the old clock which had formerly been in the Weigh House. Towards the building of this church the pious Lady Yester gave 1,000 merks. In 1703 the magistrates appointed two persons to preach alternately in the Tron Church, to each of whom they gave a salary of forty guineas, as the Council Re-, gister shows ; but about 1788 they contented themselves with one preacher, to whom they gave fifty a pillory for the punishment of crime. In Niccol's '' Diary" for 1649, it is stated that " much falset and cheitting was daillie deteckit at this time by the Lords of Sessioune; for the whilk there was daillie nailing of lugs and binding of people to the Trone, and boring of tongues; so that it was a fatal year for false notaries and witnesses, as daillie experience did witness." On the night of Monday, the 15th of November, 1824, about ten o'clock, the cry of "Fire ! " was heard in the High Street, and it spread throughout the city from mouth to mouth ; vast crowds came from all ,quarters rushing to the spot, and columns of smoke and flame were seen issuing from the second *floor of e house at the head of the old ... Church. sum had been paid but once in ten years, yet, if it had been properly managed, the accumulated ...

Book 1  p. 188
(Score 0.28)

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